What is Parvo?
Parvo,
also commonly referred to as canine parvovirus, is a viral disease that affects
dogs and is highly contagious. It produces symptoms and illness that, for the
most part, even with proper treatment can be life threatening and even fatal.
Once
the parvovirus has infected a dog it works by attacking rapidly dividing cells. The area that ends
up being the most severely affected is the gastrointestinal tract.
In young
dogs parvo can cause damage to the heart that is severe enough to leave them
with life long cardiac issues. This is the result of the virus attacking the
white blood cells in the circulatory system, killing them off by suppressing
bone marrow.
The
parvovirus is extremely contagious. It is easily transmitted when any animal,
person or even an object comes into contact with the feces of the dog that is
infected. It is very common that dogs will contract the disease by simply being
in an area where an infected dog has been before.
The
virus is extraodinarily resistant and can survive for months on any and all
objects in a given environement, making the entire area highly dangerous for
young and unvaccinated dogs.
Parvo
can live on floors and carpets, shoes and clothing and objects such as food
bowls where it is easily picked up by unsuspecting pets.
It is
not uncommon that unvaccinated dogs can even contract the virus by simply being
out on the streets in areas of higher population where there are a high number
of dogs.
Some
dogs are much more susceptible than others to this dangerous virus. However, it
is mostly dogs that are unvaccinated that are most at risk.
This
includes dogs of all ages from puppies up through adolescents. Without
vaccination against the parvo virus, your dog is at much higher risk for
contracting the virus should they come into contact with any carriers.
There
are also certain breeds which seem to be more apt to contract parvo than
others. These include German Shepherds, Rottweilers, Labrador Retrievers,
Doberman Pinchers and American Staffordwhire terriers. The virus also effects
other members of the dog family including foxes, wolves and coyotes.
Signs and Symptoms:
Most
commonly, symptoms of parvovirus include loss of appetite accompanied by severe
vomiting and bloody diarrhea that is unusually foul smelling. All of these
things can lead to severe dehydration which can become life threatening if not
halted and reversed. Lethargy is also one of the symptoms of parvovirus.
Diagnosis:
Should
you suspect that your dog has been exposed to parvo or that they have acquired
the disease, you can take them to the vet who will perform various tests to
determine whether or not they are infected. Generally parvo is diagnosed based
on signs and symptoms as well as lab tests.
Currently,
a common test that is used to diagnose parvo is the Enzyme Linked ImmunoSorbant
Assay or ELISA. This is a kit that is used to detect whether or not parvovirus
is present in your dog’s stool.
The
entire test takes about fifteen minutes and is performed in your veterinary’s
office. However, due to the fact that this test is not 100% specific, your vet
may also want to run addition blood work and tests to be sure if your dog is
infected.
Traditional
Treatment:
Unfortunately,
up until recently there were no drugs on the market that had been proven to
cure or kill parvovirus. The virus was treated through extensive and aggressive
supportive care.
The
best way to combat the virus was to control the symptoms as best as possible
through meds that help to control vomitting and diarrhea as well as administering
antibiotics.
It was
also important to boost the dog’s immune system and give it support so that it
can better fight of the disease on it’s own. Intravenous fluids are also part
of the supportive care routine to attempt to avoid dehydration.
All of these
methods along with close monitoring were the only known way to assist a dog
while it fought to weather the vicious onset of dehydration and a severely
compromised immune system.
Despite
all of these interventions, sometimes the virus would often still prove to be
fatal. This is why it was stressed as so very important to be sure that your
dog was properly and thoroughly immunized against parvovirus.
Owners
should also be aware that should their dog end up in the veterinary hospital
for this kind of care it will be highly expensive, even if it does not save the
dog’s life.
A
typical stay for parvovirus is about five to seven days long and each dose
given to treat symptoms can cost anywhere from $500 to $2000. Complete in
patient care is estimated to cost anywhere from $1500 to $3000 per dog for a
single outbreak.
As of
last year, it seems that a cure might have been found for treating the virus. A
company named Avianix came together in North Dakota to investigate an unknown
illness that was affecting geese in the region. The disease, which was a
mystery at first and killing huge numbers of birds, was discovered to be the
West Nile Virus. Avianix was able to develop antibodies to combat the virus.
The same
technology was put to work in an attempt to develop a cure for parvo. An
antibody based treatment, which was harvested from goose egg yolks and
named parvoONE was
developed and found to have a cure rate of 90 percent against parvovirus.
Alternative
Treatment:
Given
that parvo is such a dangerous virus that requires extensive and aggressive
supportive measures and care for your dog to survive, many will recommended
that alternative or home treatments not be attempted.
These
claim that dogs that have parvo should always be taken to the vet and treated
in a veterinary hospital as this is believed to provide them with the best
chances of pulling through with minimal life long effects.
Although
this might have been the case for many years, there have been recent
developments in supportive medicines that might just allow owners to treat
their pets at home. This
option is especially helpful for owners that cannot afford to admit their pet
for an extensive veterinary hospital stay.
This
option is made possible by the existence of two drugs that were recently made available
by Pfizer Animal Health. One of these is Maropitant which is a medication designed to
specifically target and reduce nausea, which in turn helps to prevent
dehydration. This is administered under the skin once every day.
The
other medicine is called Convenia.
It is also administerd under the skin and is an antibiotic which lasts up to
two weeks.
Preventing Parvo:
The best
and most effective way to ensure that your dog is at the lowest risk for
contracting parvovirus is by making sure that they have had their vaccinations.
Vaccinations
are most effective when started in a young pup and kept up to date through
adolescence. The parvo vaccine should never be skipped over and should be
thought of as a core vaccine for dogs of all ages.
Vets
will usually recommend that puppies receive combination vaccines to cover all
bases and help to minimize the risk of other easily contracted diseases also.
A
commonly suggested vaccination for pups in the first few months of age protects
against not only parvovirus but also hepatitis, distemper, parainfluenza and
leptospirosis. These types of vaccines are commonly known as 5-in-1 vaccines.
Upon
adopting your new dog into your home, inquire with your vet about started them
on their vaccines as soon as possible.
Usually vaccines
are started somewhere between the ages of six and eight weeks and boosters are
continued every four weeks until the pup is sixteen to twenty weeks old.
At this
point, the boosters are no longer required as often and will begin to be spaced
out. Usually the next booster is given at about a year of age.
If you
have adopted an older dog into your family, that has never been vaccinated or
did not receive the full series of puppy vaccinations, they should be given at
minimum one immunization.
These
dogs, at any age are likely to be much more highly susceptible to contracting
parvovirus without a good foundation for protection. After at least one of
these vaccinations, you can discuss with your vet how often your dog will need
to receive another vaccine.
Vaccines
can be given by your vet or, as a less expensive and more convenient option,
purchased online and administered to your dog in the comfort of your own home.
In
addition to vaccines, the risk of subsequent outbreaks can be greatly minimized
through proper cleanliness. Despite the fact that parvovirus is highly
resistant to disinfectants, various measure can be taken to get rid of the
virus and protect your dog from getting it.
If you
have had an outbreak of parvo in your living environment, it is important to go
to great lengths to clean and disinfect everything that you possibly can.
A
mixture of one part bleach to thirty two parts water can be used to clean and
disinfect all non organic materials. This includes things like toys, food and
water dishes, and crates. These should all be disinfected for a minimum of ten
minutes in the bleach solution. If you don’t wish to disinfect such articles
they should be disposed of in a safe manner.
If you
believe that you have recently traveled through an area that was infected with
parvovirus you can use the same bleach solution to disinfect the soles of your
shoes and any other non organic objects that might have come into contact with
the virus.
A spray
disinfectant can be used on areas that are more difficult to cleanse such as
carpets or areas of grass. However, it is not unreasonable that these areas
might need to be completely resurfaced.
Remember,
parvovirus can live basically anywhere for months on end and can be fatal to
your dog even when treated properly.
It is
worth the effort to be as sure as possible that you have eradicated all traces
of the virus so that your dog will no longer be at risk for coming down with
parvo.
